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Susceptibility of Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemipterous: Psyllidae) to Insecticides in Tomato (Physalis philadelphica Lam.) in Zapotlán, Jalisco
Pedro Posos-Ponce, Jaime Santillan-Santana,
José Luis Martínez-Ramirez, Carlos Manuel Duran Martínez, and Gustavo
Enciso Cabral
University of Guadalajara
CUCBA
Project financed by: UDG/PROMEP-SEP
KEY WORDS LC50, Probit Analysis
INTRODUCTION The man and insects compete for agricultural products,that is the reason why numerous methods were developed and are applied for their control (1). The insecticides are the control method most used in the world due to their quick action, what derives in an irrational handling and causes problems like residuallity, contamination and resistance (2). The resistance is present in each one of the toxicological groups that include microbial and growth regulators (3). In Mexico the sucking insects among them B. cockerelli (Sulc), constitute one of the more economic important plagues for Solanáceas and cucurbitaceous (4); it is not known if there are differences in the capacity of this insect to affect their lodging plants or its answer to climatic factors (5), for what it is necessary to generate regional information about the biological effectiveness of the commercial and experimental pesticides as the ones in development, with the purpose of elaborating a basic table of products for its control (6).
The hypothesis of the work is that the control measures for B. cockerelli are not carried out correctly, for what is ignored which insecticides and doses are appropriate. The objective of this study was to determine the nymph susceptibility of B. cockerelli in bioassays, to different control agents in P. philadelphica tomato cultivation in Zapotlán, Jalisco.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The collection of leaves was carried out in the month of July, in the Municipality of Zapotlán, Jalisco, 200 leaves with presence of nymphs were randomly taken, and kept in paper bags; the bioassays were carried out in the Laboratory of pest control of the CUCBA-U de G., in which intersected 5 cm diameter foliar disks, until completing groups of 100 nymphs and they were placed in Petri glass boxes with humid filter paper; the LC50 of the following active ingredients was determined: Mineral Oil, Nicothiadine, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan and Diazinon, plus a witness without product. The technique used was that of the residual movie for the following concentrations: 1, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 ppm, of A.I.; the reading of mortality was taken at 24 and 48 hours, by observation in stereoscope microscope and the nymph without coordinated mobility was considered dead; a Probit Analysis of Maximum Verisimilitude was carried out with the data of mortality that were obtained, by means of the statistical package SPSS (2001) version 10.0, to determine the LC50.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of mortality of the active ingredients coincide that any insecticide works against B. cockerelli (6) (Table 1).
Diazinon, carbosulfan and Lambda-Cyhalothrin coincide in that they are the insecticides that have bigger mortality in nymphs of B. cockerelli like it is reported in hot pepper (5, 7). As for LC50 the lower doses correspond to: carbosulfan, Lambda-Cyhalothrin and diazinon, the mineral oil had a medium LC50, nicothiadine and carbofuran presented the highest LC50 (Figure 1).
CONCLUSIONS The diazinon and carbosulfan insecticides were those that presented higher death rank to smaller dose (625 ppm-95%), on the other hand nicothiadine controlled alone 83% (625 ppm), 12% less than the previous products, as for the mineral oil and carbofuran have control, but at high dose (3,125 ppm) and lastly Lambda-Cyhalothrin works but at the highest dose. The insecticides with smaller LC50 (more efficient) were: carbosulfan, diazinon and Lambda-Cyhalothrin. It is derived that all the current toxic groups have a satisfactory control at laboratory level, for what covers the hypothesis, it only remains to carry out field rehearsals to verify if the environmental conditions, those of P. philadelphica and B. cockerelli influence in the behavior of the insecticides.
REFERENCES
1. Granados G y R. L. Paliwal. 2001. Mejoramiento para resistencia a los insectos. Mejoramiento y Producción. El Maíz en los trópicos. FAO, Roma. pp. 22
2. Silva A. G y R. Hepp. 2003. Bases para el uso racional de insecticidas. Fac. de Agronomía. U. de Concepción. Chillán, Chile. pp. 250
3. Flores A. E., M. H. Badii y G. Ponce. 2001. Resistencia a insecticidas en insectos vectores de enfermedades con énfasis en mosquitos. RESPYN, Vol. 2, No. 4. UANL.
4. Mena C. J. 2005. Bioecología de insectos chupadores en chile y tomate en Zacatecas. Plagas. 2ª. Convención Mundial del Chile. Zacatecas, Zac. pp. 85- 86
5. Velásquez V. R., G. E. González, D. C. García, V. F. Esquivel y A. M. Medina. 2005. Avances de investigación sobre Bactericera cockerelli Sulc. en Aguascalientes. Plagas. 2ª. Convención Mundial del Chile. Zacatecas, Zac. pp. 130-135
6. Bujanos M. R., T. J. Garzón, J. A. Marín. 2005. Manejo integrado del pulgón saltador Bactericera (=Paratrioza) cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemíptera: Triozidae) en los cultivos de solanáceas en México. Plagas. 2ª. Convención Mundial del Chile. Zacatecas, Zac. pp. 93-99
7. Avilés G. M., A. F. Domínguez, C. U. Nava, P. J. Wong, V. J. Pérez y F. S. Velarde. 2005. Evaluación de la efectividad biológica de varios insecticidas para el control del psílido del tomate Bactericera cockerelli (=Paratrioza) cockerelli (Sulc) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) en el cultivo de chile bell en La Cruz de Elota, Sinaloa, Mexico. Plagas. 2ª. Convención Mundial del Chile. Zacatecas, Zac. pp. 86-92
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Editors:
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E. Whalon
Robert M. Hollingworth
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Herbicide
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